![]() ![]() Nevertheless, both the electronegativity and work function may be greatly changed when compressed, ascribed to the pressure-induced changes in electronic states 4, 5.Ĭurrently, it is almost impossible to measure the electronegativity and work function under extreme conditions via conventional techniques like photoelectron and thermionic emission spectroscopy. The electronegativity of atoms and work function of minerals could also be applied to quantitatively evaluate the electron transfer tendency and directions under high pressures such as explaining some intricate redox interactions among minerals, fluids, melts and volatiles in Earth’s deep region up to ~350 gigapascals (GPa) 6, 16. In planetary sciences, the mineral work function has been applied to interprete the electrostatic migration of charging lunar dust, the contact electrification phenomenon during electrical beneficiation and the energy threshold of emitting photoelectrons 13, 14, 15. In parallel, work function is defined as the energy barrier required to move a free electron from the Fermi level of the solids to the infinity, and is used as an important indicator of electron binding energy 11, 12. ![]() However, the general rules that drive electron transfer at high pressure remain to be revealed.Įlectronegativity has been employed as a fundamental quantify to successfully assess the tendency of an atom to attract electrons 8, 9, 10. Numerous well-designed experimental, computational and theoretical studies in chemistry, physics, material sciences and geosciences have provided insights into the unusual phenomena associated with pressure-induced electronic behavior 5, 6, 7. ![]() Of particular interest is the behavior of electrons with respect to extremes such as high pressure, leading to novel phenomena of insulator-metal transitions, superconductivity, highly reactive atoms and abnormal physiochemical properties of condensed matters 4, 5. Our results give an insight into the fundamental physicochemical properties of elements and their compounds under pressure.Įlectron transfer is the most elementary process in nature, which has been playing essential roles in energy transduction, elemental cycling and life activities 1, 2, 3. This well explains the deep high-conductivity anomalies, and helps discover the redox reactivity between widespread Fe(II)-bearing minerals and water during ongoing subduction. Using the work function as the case study of electronegativity, it reveals that the driving force behind directional electron transfer results from the enlarged work function difference between compounds with pressure. The relative work function of minerals is further predicted by electronegativity, presenting a decreasing trend with pressure because of pressure-induced electron delocalization. Here we show a deep learning model to obtain the electronegativity of 96 elements under arbitrary pressure, and a regressed unified formula to quantify its relationship with pressure and electronic configuration. Electron transfer is the most elementary process in nature, but the existing electron transfer rules are seldom applied to high-pressure situations, such as in the deep Earth. ![]()
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